A History of Mankind

A History of Mankind

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A History of Mankind
A History of Mankind
How to Read A History of Mankind (Posts 1 to 79)
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How to Read A History of Mankind (Posts 1 to 79)

An updated guide to navigating the contents of this Substack

Mar 28, 2023
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A History of Mankind
A History of Mankind
How to Read A History of Mankind (Posts 1 to 79)
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When I launched the History of Mankind project in early 2022, I had already been at work on this for over two decades.

The plan always was to write a long, detailed, single-author history of mankind. I wrote much of the start of the project (the first two entries of this Substack) in the first decade of the millennium. In 2016, I began to write a comparative history of ancient Western and Chinese philosophy that was just published as a book; it was then that I realized that I already had accumulated hundreds of thousands of words on human history, that needed to be organized, re-written and re-shaped.

There is a lot of stuff to come. Substack is great and all, but it’s not the easiest way to navigate complex material spanning millennia. This is why I recommend that people sign up for regular emails, between 9 and 10 per month, and read the History of Mankind chronologically; and I recommend that those on the free tier become paying members, so they can read everything (some posts are pay-walled) and also comment on posts, read and participate in the Q&As, and peruse the archives, which are fully pay-walled:

I do understand that not everyone wants to read the History of Mankind in strict chronological order, from the very first post all the way to the start of human culture and then on to the rise of the Cretan civilization (this post is very popular, I suspect, because of an explanation of the local custom of public display of female breasts at least during some ceremonies) and then forward.

I don’t even write all posts in strict chronological order, although I do publish them in such an order. And not everyone is (like myself) interested in the history of all mankind, every continent and every country. Some people have a particular interest in, say, Western or Indian or Chinese of American history.

That’s why I will keep updating this section below, where I will separate the posts by topic (say, era and region), so that it’s easier to keep track of one’s specific interests and find ways to read the History of Mankind on a subject, rather than chronological, basis.

I do not recommend reading the posts on this thematic basis. I recommend chronological reading, because it makes everything easier to understand, and various subjects and comparisons from different regions are discussed in all posts. All the same, I made a list below of all the posts published covering the period roughly to 600 BC, ordered by subject and region; some are duplicated because they touch on more than one subject directly; all posts older than eight weeks become fully paywalled:

-PREHISTORY & EARLY HOLOCENE

A History of Mankind
Fathers, Mothers, Heroes
“There's no reason for a book to exist, if it doesn't upset the expert a bit,” Nicolás Gómez Dávila 1. Fathers, Mothers, Heroes 1.1 Fathers and Mothers Males tend to be dominant in the human species, as is the case for other hominids, and frequently coerce women and rule over them, imposing their will and holding power even when they're notably less skille…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Milankovitch Cycles & Early Human Species
Hominids – including apes, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as humans – are tropical species. They all evolved in warm climates with large trees full of nourishment and, when they jumped from one continent to another, they remained resolutely close to the Equator. There are a few cases in which this rule has been broken, and almost all of them corres…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Mammoths & Ice Ages
Ice ages remained the main constraint to human expansion for millennia, but they did help moving across the world's three large inhabited “island-continents”– Eurasia-Africa, deeply connected by multiple routes, and fully aware of each other's existence; Australia, arid and capable of sustaining only a very small hunter-gatherer population; and the Amer…
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3 years ago · David Roman

-ANCIENT EGYPT

A History of Mankind
The First Temple, the First City & the First Egyptians
More densely populated, deeply interconnected with Africa across the Sinai, Europe through the Ice Ages-era land bridge over the Dardanelles Strait, and other parts of Asia, the Fertile Crescent featured ideal conditions for people to find themselves in a position to lord over others, and build wonderful structures of inherited power…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The World's First (Cuddly) State
From around 3000 BC, Egypt was the world's first truly integrated state, with a single ruler whose control stretched from the Nile Delta to the first Nile cataract at Aswan, for millennia the rough boundary between Egypt proper and Nubia, the next region down the river — often an Egyptian client state and always intensely influenced by Egyptian culture …
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
From Narmer to Gilgamesh
Besides pharaohs, many Egyptians built somewhat elaborate tombs for themselves, a sign both of a wealthy enough society to afford such an objectively unprofitable expense, and of one that was unusually concerned with life after death. In a development later to be mirrored in cultures across the world, the shift from a mostly tribal society to a mostly b…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Golden Era of Egypt's Pyramids
By the time the Cuicuilco pyramid rose, Egyptian pharaohs had long stopped building theirs. After Djoser started the fashion for funerary grandiosity, circa 2650 BC, mummification reached unparalleled levels of efficiency in Egypt, driving a taste for luxurious preparations for the afterlife: for the first time, experts removed the body’s soft internal …
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The First Indo-European Invasion of Mesopotamia & Egypt's First Intermediate Period
Indo-European migrations east of the Caucasus faced a completely unique set of circumstances and challenges. Significant towns were built in the Kazakh steppe late in the 3rd millennium, but that was only after the Gutians became the very first Indo-European wave that passed through the region…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Sinuhe's World
Gutian power in Mesopotamia was weakened by the nomads' lack of coherent structures, and the likely adoption of cavalry by local Sumerians. Having been brought by the Gutian themselves, horses appeared in significant numbers in the cities of Mesopotamia for the first time during this era, and the first Semitic word for “horse” shows in written records: …
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Hyksos: The Jews in Egypt
The word Hyksos, never used in Egypt, is a Greek-derived modern coinage deriving from the Egyptian expression “heqau khaswet”: "rulers of foreign[1] lands," commonly used in Egyptian texts to describe foreign chieftains and, later, Nubian warlords operating in south of the country as well as Asiatic warlords in the north…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Diplomatic Dances of the Bronze Age
Jewish resilience in the face of Egyptian influence in pre-Biblical times was aided by the rise of Mitanni, a new state based in Syria that served as a counterbalance to pharaonic aspirations, after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1595 BC upended Mesopotamian politics…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Akhenaten, the First Monotheistic King (1): the Rise
From a position of strength, Egypt restored regular trade links with the Middle East and the northern Mediterranean during the 15th century BC. Use of the wheel, probably introduced with the chariot early in the millennium, became commonplace, bronze supplanted copper for all manner of implements, rock-cut tombs almost entirely replaced pyramids, and th…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Akhenaten, the First Monotheistic King (2): the Fall
Later Christians, and eventually the Chinese, struggled with the question whether Jesus and Confucius were gods. Jesus appears to have been at least confusing on the matter during his lifetime, while Confucius never made such claim but was turned into a deity when this thought was eventually merged with Taoism and the Chinese version of Buddhism, for po…
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3 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Qadesh: the Great Hittite-Egyptian Clash
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Even though the Hittite empire didn't provide posterity with colorful, Egyptian-style female rulers[1], at several points a term is used to describe the Queen or First Lady: Tawananna, which appears to derive from the given name of the first, pe…
Read more
2 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Ramesses II & Egypt's Golden Era
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Egyptian propaganda is a major reason why the Battle of Qadesh, neither the first nor the largest fought in Syria-Palestine, has remained a topic of interest across millennia. It's important to understand the key reason why such a huge propagand…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Sea Peoples (II)
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) The Hittite empire was even more severely tested by the Sea Peoples. As we have seen, the empire wasn't optimized for defense against such an enemy, and had much of its manpower in defensive positions near Assyria. Another factor was that, in pa…
Read more
2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Rise of Assyria & the Fall of Egypt
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. The latest post that discussed Assyria is here. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Assyria, long a contender for the role of major power in the Fertile Crescent, benefitted the most from the Sea Peoples' depredations. Old, dangerous foes were replaced by weaker statelets, unprote…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
Egypt's Black Dynasty

Egypt's Black Dynasty

David Roman
·
July 13, 2023
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-ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA & FERTILE CRESCENT

A History of Mankind
The First Temple, the First City & the First Egyptians
More densely populated, deeply interconnected with Africa across the Sinai, Europe through the Ice Ages-era land bridge over the Dardanelles Strait, and other parts of Asia, the Fertile Crescent featured ideal conditions for people to find themselves in a position to lord over others, and build wonderful structures of inherited power…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Start of Human Culture & the First Human Revolution, in the Fertile Crescent
Far away from African deserts, in western Mesopotamia, the first pictograms that may contain useful information, an extremely primitive form of writing, were found in the Jerf el Ahmar settlement south of modern Aleppo, inhabited until 8700 BC.[1] They are some signs in separate stone plaquettes, representing insects and other animals, as well as abstra…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Murderous Tribesmen, from Arabia to Japan
Around 5000 BC, tribesmen living in the then-dry steppe of central Arabia built massive mounds of rocks with likely religious functions, called “mustatil.”[1] But, generally speaking, for millennia there was nothing even remotely comparable to the grandeur of places like Göbekli Tepe, Çatalhoyuk and Jericho, anywhere else in the world outside of the Fer…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Garden of Eden & Noah's Flood
Despite widespread myths in antiquity that set the Garden of Eden someplace in Mesopotamia, the flat, hot region was never ideal for human settlement – and that's precisely the reason why the first civilization was created there. Arnold Toynbee crafted the “challenge and response” theory to explain this apparent contradiction…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
From Narmer to Gilgamesh
Besides pharaohs, many Egyptians built somewhat elaborate tombs for themselves, a sign both of a wealthy enough society to afford such an objectively unprofitable expense, and of one that was unusually concerned with life after death. In a development later to be mirrored in cultures across the world, the shift from a mostly tribal society to a mostly b…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Sargon & the Pax Akkadiana
In contrast with the stately procession of Egypt's pharaohs, coming one after the other with little fuss, the city-states and mini-countries of Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions spent much of the 3rd millennium BC raising armies to fight for dominance…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The First Indo-European Invasion of Mesopotamia & Egypt's First Intermediate Period
Indo-European migrations east of the Caucasus faced a completely unique set of circumstances and challenges. Significant towns were built in the Kazakh steppe late in the 3rd millennium, but that was only after the Gutians became the very first Indo-European wave that passed through the region…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Gangs of Mesopotamia: Bloodthirsty Assyrian & Babylonian Warlords
The Hittite assault on Babylon caused ripples that lasted for centuries, and came as a shock to everyone involved. For well over a millennium, Anatolia had been a source of valuable trade products and plunder for the Mesopotamian warrior kings, even those before Sargon, and no significant power had emerged there…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Hammurabi's Babylon
As it was, Assyria’s Ishme-Dagan had a long if difficult reign of about 40 years from 1776 BC. He lost much territory to rival Amorite princes including Hammurabi, and was forced into a possibly unequal alliance with Zaziya, one of the last known Hurrian warlords from Anatolia; he ended up marrying his son Mut-Ashkur to Zaziya's daughter…
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3 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Early Babylonian Philosophy & Hammurabi's Code
Like earlier codes, Hammurabi's was displayed on multiples copies engraved in stone[1], and in manuscripts copied by scribes, which made it well known to later rulers and scholars as extracts appear on tablets from Assur and Nineveh for the next 500 years; there are indications that some learned commentaries on it were written as early as the late 2nd m…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Hatti's Difficult Road to Imperial Status
Hittite kings, ignorant of Egyptian propaganda, found solace in the great power balance with the neighboring state. The Egyptian threat from the south may have been the decisive factor that stopped Shaushtatar and his maryannu elite charioteers from overrunning Hatti. In fact, there's evidence that at least one Hittite king…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Bronze Age Cold War
Akhenaten's era marked a decisive break in Egyptian history, and was followed by a few decades of uncertainty at the top: Horemheb succeeded Ay as pharaoh after some friction, and died without issue, leaving the throne to his vizier Paramesse, who named himself Ramesses I upon assuming power and founded the 19th Dynasty – the first in which pharaohs, fo…
Read more
2 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Qadesh: the Great Hittite-Egyptian Clash
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Even though the Hittite empire didn't provide posterity with colorful, Egyptian-style female rulers[1], at several points a term is used to describe the Queen or First Lady: Tawananna, which appears to derive from the given name of the first, pe…
Read more
2 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Sea Peoples (II)
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) The Hittite empire was even more severely tested by the Sea Peoples. As we have seen, the empire wasn't optimized for defense against such an enemy, and had much of its manpower in defensive positions near Assyria. Another factor was that, in pa…
Read more
2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Rise of Assyria & the Fall of Egypt
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. The latest post that discussed Assyria is here. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Assyria, long a contender for the role of major power in the Fertile Crescent, benefitted the most from the Sea Peoples' depredations. Old, dangerous foes were replaced by weaker statelets, unprote…
Read more
2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Persia's Zoroaster, the First Prophet
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) The Persians of the 2nd millennium BC were some of the least successful steppe charioteers ever. They had conquered northern parts of the Iranian plateau – around the Alborz mountains just south of the Caspian Sea – that may have been only spars…
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2 years ago · 3 likes · David Roman
King David & King Solomon

King David & King Solomon

David Roman
·
March 24, 2023
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Assyria's Mass-Murdering Warlords

Assyria's Mass-Murdering Warlords

David Roman
·
March 31, 2023
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The First Religious Radicals

The First Religious Radicals

David Roman
·
April 6, 2023
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From Phoenicia to Carthage

From Phoenicia to Carthage

David Roman
·
June 30, 2023
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Semiramis & the Babylonian Era

Semiramis & the Babylonian Era

David Roman
·
July 5, 2023
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Assyria's Rise to Super Power Status

Assyria's Rise to Super Power Status

David Roman
·
July 9, 2023
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The Rise of Assyria's Greatest King

The Rise of Assyria's Greatest King

David Roman
·
July 21, 2023
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When Babylon was the Center of the World

When Babylon was the Center of the World

David Roman
·
August 10, 2023
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The King & the Scholars: Ashurbanipal in Babylon

The King & the Scholars: Ashurbanipal in Babylon

David Roman
·
August 18, 2023
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The Fall of Assyria & the First Jewish Diaspora

The Fall of Assyria & the First Jewish Diaspora

David Roman
·
August 22, 2023
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The Axial Era

The Axial Era

David Roman
·
August 25, 2023
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-SOUTH ASIA

A History of Mankind
Rice & Traders on the Indus River
By 6000 BC, rising sea levels separated mainland Australia from Tasmania and New Guinea, ending almost all contact between aborigines and other humans, and leaving Tasmania as the poorest and most isolated region in the world, which explains why Tasmanian tribes appeared astonishingly primitive to the British with whom they made contact in the late 18th…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Steppe Revolutions, from Central Asia to India
The astounding expansion of Indo-European tribes across much of Eurasia was the overarching story of the 2nd millennium BC. From the dry flatlands and mountains of Central Asia to the tropical forests of India; from the Iranian, Anatolian and Afghan plateaus to Palestine and the Nile, Indo-European warriors on horseback and their families settled new la…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
The Aryan Invasion of India

The Aryan Invasion of India

David Roman
·
July 24, 2023
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The Creation of India's Caste System

The Creation of India's Caste System

David Roman
·
July 28, 2023
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The Dawn of Vedic India

The Dawn of Vedic India

David Roman
·
August 1, 2023
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Debate Until Heads Fall Off: India's Religious Philosophy

Debate Until Heads Fall Off: India's Religious Philosophy

David Roman
·
August 6, 2023
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-THE AMERICAS

A History of Mankind
The First Pyramids of the Americas & the Indo-Europeans of the Steppes
Outside of the Fertile Crescent and adjacent Egypt, urban societies emerged along quite distinct paths in Peru, China and the Indus River valley just as the climate took a turn for the worse, while hunter-gathering remained the sole mode of life pretty much elsewhere…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
How the Americas Diverged
Uniquely, the first settled societies of the Americas didn't appear around large river basins. This is because the continent lacks dry lands irrigated by large river basins, as seen in the Fertile Crescent, northern India and China, where farmers must accept harsh conditions from the overlords who protect them or take their chances in much less producti…
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3 years ago · David Roman
The World of Mexico's Olmecs

The World of Mexico's Olmecs

David Roman
·
May 5, 2023
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The First Civilizations of Peru's Highlands

The First Civilizations of Peru's Highlands

David Roman
·
May 10, 2023
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-EAST ASIA & OCEANIA

A History of Mankind
Murderous Tribesmen, from Arabia to Japan
Around 5000 BC, tribesmen living in the then-dry steppe of central Arabia built massive mounds of rocks with likely religious functions, called “mustatil.”[1] But, generally speaking, for millennia there was nothing even remotely comparable to the grandeur of places like Göbekli Tepe, Çatalhoyuk and Jericho, anywhere else in the world outside of the Fer…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Taiwanese Seafarers of the Pacific
Daring trips on longboats around the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean pale by comparison with the start of the greatest seaborne migrations ever, just before 3000 BC, on the coast of Taiwan, a smallish island of huge importance in human history…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Chariots Arrive in China
China and the Asian steppe learned bronze metallurgy and chariot warfare from traders and raiders. By 1500 BC, the Shang kings of China already depicted themselves driving chariots with horses – same as Mycenaean princes in Greece, on the other side of Eurasia. Metal types reminiscent of those found in Siberian hoards, including spearheads with a side h…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Chinese Kings & Alcohol-Filled Pools
Traditional Chinese accounts record that, around 1700 BC, Jie, the last king of the mythical Xia dynasty – or, much more likely, a strongman belonging to the Erlitou culture of Henan – became so decadent that he built an entire lake filled with an alcoholic drink, to please a concubine…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
China's Pre-Imperial Dynasties
The tomb left behind by Chinese queen consort Fu Hao’s wasn't poor, even by loftier Egyptian standards. It's also evidence of a highly stratified society, in which a warrior elite lives off plunder from military campaigns and raids – much of it enslaved enemies and peasants – as well as a significant agricultural surplus that it captures as taxes in exc…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
The Colorful Fall of China's Shang Dynasty

The Colorful Fall of China's Shang Dynasty

David Roman
·
April 12, 2023
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The Mandate of Heaven: How China Became Chinese

The Mandate of Heaven: How China Became Chinese

David Roman
·
April 20, 2023
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How the Haiku was Invented in Zhou's China

How the Haiku was Invented in Zhou's China

David Roman
·
April 26, 2023
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The Zhou's Decline & China's Great Divergence

The Zhou's Decline & China's Great Divergence

David Roman
·
April 30, 2023
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-SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

A History of Mankind
The First Civilizations of Sub-Saharan Africa
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Like any other military-use technology, iron weapons and tools and, more importantly, the methods to make iron implements spread extremely fast from the Mediterranean basin, north and west into the deep forests where “Celtic” societies were form…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman

-PREHISTORIC EUROPE & THE STEPPES

A History of Mankind
The First Pyramids of the Americas & the Indo-Europeans of the Steppes
Outside of the Fertile Crescent and adjacent Egypt, urban societies emerged along quite distinct paths in Peru, China and the Indus River valley just as the climate took a turn for the worse, while hunter-gathering remained the sole mode of life pretty much elsewhere…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
How Europe Became European
Chronic tribal warfare generally favors pastoral over sedentary economies as herds can be defended by moving them, whereas agricultural fields are an immobile target – a truth that would be rediscovered in history time and time again, with the triumphs of Parthians, Huns, Magyars, Turks and endless other horseback marauders…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Non-Existent Silk Road
China maintained a very tenuous, thin and unreliable connection with other Eurasian centers of population and development via the steppes, in which trade was largely irrelevant, reduced to luxury items or seeds such as those of wheat. The Silk Road didn't exist then and didn't exist later, and it fact it has never existed…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Farmers Vs Herders
With the Caucasus an almost impassable barrier, Indo-European migrations in the 3rd millennium BC headed west and then north and south into Europe, leading to the creation of most European language families, and east and then south into Central Asia, driven by the ancestors of the first Hindus, Persians, Armenians and Kurds…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The First Indo-European Invasion of Mesopotamia & Egypt's First Intermediate Period
Indo-European migrations east of the Caucasus faced a completely unique set of circumstances and challenges. Significant towns were built in the Kazakh steppe late in the 3rd millennium, but that was only after the Gutians became the very first Indo-European wave that passed through the region…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Steppe Revolutions, from Central Asia to India
The astounding expansion of Indo-European tribes across much of Eurasia was the overarching story of the 2nd millennium BC. From the dry flatlands and mountains of Central Asia to the tropical forests of India; from the Iranian, Anatolian and Afghan plateaus to Palestine and the Nile, Indo-European warriors on horseback and their families settled new la…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Cretan Civilization (1): Pirates, Palaces, Breasts
Like Egypt and the Dravidian-speaking regions in South Asia and Bactria-Margiana, the small island of Crete developed a separate, almost entirely indigenous culture[1] in relative isolation from the nearby, pushy Indo-European and Semitic peoples expanding all around…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Cretan Civilization (2): Priestesses, Earthquakes, Invaders
Like most highly developed societies, Crete's gave women a fairly relevant role in public life, not on the same plane as men, but not very far behind. While women are occasionally depicted in Mesopotamian artwork of the era, and not at all unusual in Egyptian artwork, they are most prominent in Crete's, often in a religious context: goddesses and priest…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Crete's Ashes & the Rise of the Hittites
It's hard to overstate the impact of Crete on the development of future European civilization. One can't really look at Classic Greek art, the forefather of so much that later became identified with the idea of “Europe,” without noticing it's an almost direct descendent of Minoan art. Greek art evolved, became different, but it would have never existed…
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3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Diplomatic Dances of the Bronze Age
Jewish resilience in the face of Egyptian influence in pre-Biblical times was aided by the rise of Mitanni, a new state based in Syria that served as a counterbalance to pharaonic aspirations, after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1595 BC upended Mesopotamian politics…
Read more
3 years ago · David Roman
A History of Mankind
Iron (Age) Men
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Iron is the fourth most common element in Earth's crust, making up around 5% of the total mass of this very important part of the planet, the only one that humans can actually get resources from. Iron is not rare; almost all of the major ores of…
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2 years ago · 1 like · David Roman
A History of Mankind
The Sea Peoples (I)
(This post is a sequel to this earlier post. To see all older posts in a list arranged by subject, click here) Historians have long spoken of the “Sea Peoples” that hit the Fertile Crescent's shores in great numbers in the early 12th century BC and, after decades of intense raids and much destruction, triggered the collapse of the Hittite Empire…
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2 years ago · 3 likes · David Roman

-CLASSICAL-ERA EUROPE

Hard Times in Archaic Greece

Hard Times in Archaic Greece

David Roman
·
May 19, 2023
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The Era of Greek Colonization

The Era of Greek Colonization

David Roman
·
May 27, 2023
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Settlers Vs Natives: How the Greek Poleis Were Built

Settlers Vs Natives: How the Greek Poleis Were Built

David Roman
·
June 1, 2023
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This Is Sparta (I): Freedom & Equality

This Is Sparta (I): Freedom & Equality

David Roman
·
June 6, 2023
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This Is Sparta (II): Crazy, Feminist Warriors

This Is Sparta (II): Crazy, Feminist Warriors

David Roman
·
June 10, 2023
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How Sports Were Invented: The Greek Olympic Games

How Sports Were Invented: The Greek Olympic Games

David Roman
·
June 15, 2023
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How the Greek Nation Emerged from Greek Literature

How the Greek Nation Emerged from Greek Literature

David Roman
·
June 22, 2023
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Achilles, Hector, Odysseus & the Greeks

Achilles, Hector, Odysseus & the Greeks

David Roman
·
June 27, 2023
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Gods & Lawmakers in Homer's Greece

Gods & Lawmakers in Homer's Greece

David Roman
·
August 28, 2023
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Ancient Egypt & the Greeks

Ancient Egypt & the Greeks

David Roman
·
August 31, 2023
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Hesiod, Aesop & the First Greek Writers

Hesiod, Aesop & the First Greek Writers

David Roman
·
September 3, 2023
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Sappho & the Origins of Greek Theatre

Sappho & the Origins of Greek Theatre

David Roman
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September 8, 2023
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Substack is the home for great culture

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